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<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#single-executable-applications">Single executable applications</a></span>
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<li><a href="#generating-single-executable-preparation-blobs">Generating single executable preparation blobs</a></li>
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<li><a href="#requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based"><code>require(id)</code> in the injected module is not file based</a></li>
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<details id="toc" open><summary>Table of contents</summary><ul>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#single-executable-applications">Single executable applications</a></span>
<ul>
<li><a href="#generating-single-executable-preparation-blobs">Generating single executable preparation blobs</a></li>
<li><a href="#notes">Notes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based"><code>require(id)</code> in the injected module is not file based</a></li>
<li><a href="#__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module"><code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module</a></li>
<li><a href="#__dirname-in-the-injected-module"><code>__dirname</code> in the injected module</a></li>
<li><a href="#single-executable-application-creation-process">Single executable application creation process</a></li>
<li><a href="#platform-support">Platform support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></details>
<div id="apicontent">
<h2>Single executable applications<span><a class="mark" href="#single-executable-applications" id="single-executable-applications">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_single_executable_applications"></a></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v19.7.0, v18.16.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental: This feature is being designed and will change.</div><p></p>
<p><strong>Source Code:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/v20.5.1/src/node_sea.cc">src/node_sea.cc</a></p>
<p>This feature allows the distribution of a Node.js application conveniently to a
system that does not have Node.js installed.</p>
<p>Node.js supports the creation of <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/single-executable">single executable applications</a> by allowing
the injection of a blob prepared by Node.js, which can contain a bundled script,
into the <code>node</code> binary. During start up, the program checks if anything has been
injected. If the blob is found, it executes the script in the blob. Otherwise
Node.js operates as it normally does.</p>
<p>The single executable application feature currently only supports running a
single embedded script using the <a href="modules.html#modules-commonjs-modules">CommonJS</a> module system.</p>
<p>Users can create a single executable application from their bundled script
with the <code>node</code> binary itself and any tool which can inject resources into the
binary.</p>
<p>Here are the steps for creating a single executable application using one such
tool, <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/postject">postject</a>:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Create a JavaScript file:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">'console.log(`Hello, ${process.argv[2]}!`);'</span> > hello.js</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Create a configuration file building a blob that can be injected into the
single executable application (see
<a href="#generating-single-executable-preparation-blobs">Generating single executable preparation blobs</a> for details):</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">'{ "main": "hello.js", "output": "sea-prep.blob" }'</span> > sea-config.json</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Generate the blob to be injected:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">node --experimental-sea-config sea-config.json</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Create a copy of the <code>node</code> executable and name it according to your needs:</p>
<ul>
<li>On systems other than Windows:</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cp</span> $(<span class="hljs-built_in">command</span> -v node) hello</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<ul>
<li>On Windows:</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-text">node -e "require('fs').copyFileSync(process.execPath, 'hello.exe')"</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>The <code>.exe</code> extension is necessary.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Remove the signature of the binary (macOS and Windows only):</p>
<ul>
<li>On macOS:</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash">codesign --remove-signature hello</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<ul>
<li>On Windows (optional):</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/seccrypto/signtool">signtool</a> can be used from the installed <a href="https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/downloads/windows-sdk/">Windows SDK</a>. If this step is
skipped, ignore any signature-related warning from postject.</p>
<pre><code class="language-powershell">signtool remove /s hello.exe</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Inject the blob into the copied binary by running <code>postject</code> with
the following options:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>hello</code> / <code>hello.exe</code> - The name of the copy of the <code>node</code> executable
created in step 4.</li>
<li><code>NODE_SEA_BLOB</code> - The name of the resource / note / section in the binary
where the contents of the blob will be stored.</li>
<li><code>sea-prep.blob</code> - The name of the blob created in step 1.</li>
<li><code>--sentinel-fuse NODE_SEA_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2</code> - The
<a href="https://www.electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/fuses">fuse</a> used by the Node.js project to detect if a file has been injected.</li>
<li><code>--macho-segment-name NODE_SEA</code> (only needed on macOS) - The name of the
segment in the binary where the contents of the blob will be
stored.</li>
</ul>
<p>To summarize, here is the required command for each platform:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>On Linux:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">npx postject hello NODE_SEA_BLOB sea-prep.blob \
--sentinel-fuse NODE_SEA_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>On Windows - PowerShell:</p>
<pre><code class="language-powershell">npx postject hello.exe NODE_SEA_BLOB sea<span class="hljs-literal">-prep</span>.blob `
<span class="hljs-literal">--sentinel-fuse</span> NODE_SEA_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>On Windows - Command Prompt:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">npx postject hello.exe NODE_SEA_BLOB sea-prep.blob ^
--sentinel-fuse NODE_SEA_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>On macOS:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">npx postject hello NODE_SEA_BLOB sea-prep.blob \
--sentinel-fuse NODE_SEA_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2 \
--macho-segment-name NODE_SEA</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Sign the binary (macOS and Windows only):</p>
<ul>
<li>On macOS:</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash">codesign --sign - hello</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<ul>
<li>On Windows (optional):</li>
</ul>
<p>A certificate needs to be present for this to work. However, the unsigned
binary would still be runnable.</p>
<pre><code class="language-powershell">signtool sign /fd SHA256 hello.exe</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Run the binary:</p>
<ul>
<li>On systems other than Windows</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">./hello world</span>
Hello, world!</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<ul>
<li>On Windows</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">.\hello.exe world</span>
Hello, world!</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</li>
</ol>
<section><h3>Generating single executable preparation blobs<span><a class="mark" href="#generating-single-executable-preparation-blobs" id="generating-single-executable-preparation-blobs">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_generating_single_executable_preparation_blobs"></a></h3>
<p>Single executable preparation blobs that are injected into the application can
be generated using the <code>--experimental-sea-config</code> flag of the Node.js binary
that will be used to build the single executable. It takes a path to a
configuration file in JSON format. If the path passed to it isn't absolute,
Node.js will use the path relative to the current working directory.</p>
<p>The configuration currently reads the following top-level fields:</p>
<pre><code class="language-json"><span class="hljs-punctuation">{</span>
<span class="hljs-attr">"main"</span><span class="hljs-punctuation">:</span> <span class="hljs-string">"/path/to/bundled/script.js"</span><span class="hljs-punctuation">,</span>
<span class="hljs-attr">"output"</span><span class="hljs-punctuation">:</span> <span class="hljs-string">"/path/to/write/the/generated/blob.blob"</span><span class="hljs-punctuation">,</span>
<span class="hljs-attr">"disableExperimentalSEAWarning"</span><span class="hljs-punctuation">:</span> <span class="hljs-literal"><span class="hljs-keyword">true</span></span> <span class="hljs-comment">// Default: false</span>
<span class="hljs-punctuation">}</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>If the paths are not absolute, Node.js will use the path relative to the
current working directory. The version of the Node.js binary used to produce
the blob must be the same as the one to which the blob will be injected.</p>
</section><section><h3>Notes<span><a class="mark" href="#notes" id="notes">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_notes"></a></h3>
<h4><code>require(id)</code> in the injected module is not file based<span><a class="mark" href="#requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based" id="requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_require_id_in_the_injected_module_is_not_file_based"></a></h4>
<p><code>require()</code> in the injected module is not the same as the <a href="modules.html#requireid"><code>require()</code></a>
available to modules that are not injected. It also does not have any of the
properties that non-injected <a href="modules.html#requireid"><code>require()</code></a> has except <a href="modules.html#accessing-the-main-module"><code>require.main</code></a>. It
can only be used to load built-in modules. Attempting to load a module that can
only be found in the file system will throw an error.</p>
<p>Instead of relying on a file based <code>require()</code>, users can bundle their
application into a standalone JavaScript file to inject into the executable.
This also ensures a more deterministic dependency graph.</p>
<p>However, if a file based <code>require()</code> is still needed, that can also be achieved:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createRequire } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:module'</span>);
<span class="hljs-built_in">require</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_">createRequire</span>(__filename);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module<span><a class="mark" href="#__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module" id="__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_filename_and_module_filename_in_the_injected_module"></a></h4>
<p>The values of <code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module are
equal to <a href="process.html#processexecpath"><code>process.execPath</code></a>.</p>
<h4><code>__dirname</code> in the injected module<span><a class="mark" href="#__dirname-in-the-injected-module" id="__dirname-in-the-injected-module">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_dirname_in_the_injected_module"></a></h4>
<p>The value of <code>__dirname</code> in the injected module is equal to the directory name
of <a href="process.html#processexecpath"><code>process.execPath</code></a>.</p>
<h4>Single executable application creation process<span><a class="mark" href="#single-executable-application-creation-process" id="single-executable-application-creation-process">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_single_executable_application_creation_process"></a></h4>
<p>A tool aiming to create a single executable Node.js application must
inject the contents of the blob prepared with <code>--experimental-sea-config"</code>
into:</p>
<ul>
<li>a resource named <code>NODE_SEA_BLOB</code> if the <code>node</code> binary is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Executable">PE</a> file</li>
<li>a section named <code>NODE_SEA_BLOB</code> in the <code>NODE_SEA</code> segment if the <code>node</code> binary
is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach-O">Mach-O</a> file</li>
<li>a note named <code>NODE_SEA_BLOB</code> if the <code>node</code> binary is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format">ELF</a> file</li>
</ul>
<p>Search the binary for the
<code>NODE_SEA_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2:0</code> <a href="https://www.electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/fuses">fuse</a> string and flip the
last character to <code>1</code> to indicate that a resource has been injected.</p>
<h4>Platform support<span><a class="mark" href="#platform-support" id="platform-support">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_platform_support"></a></h4>
<p>Single-executable support is tested regularly on CI only on the following
platforms:</p>
<ul>
<li>Windows</li>
<li>macOS</li>
<li>Linux (all distributions <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/main/BUILDING.md#platform-list">supported by Node.js</a> except Alpine and all
architectures <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/main/BUILDING.md#platform-list">supported by Node.js</a> except s390x)</li>
</ul>
<p>This is due to a lack of better tools to generate single-executables that can be
used to test this feature on other platforms.</p>
<p>Suggestions for other resource injection tools/workflows are welcomed. Please
start a discussion at <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/single-executable/discussions">https://github.com/nodejs/single-executable/discussions</a>
to help us document them.</p></section>
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